Assessment of anthropogenic-causing-agents act on waterbirds-diversity in the vicinity of Tarbela Dam, Indus River, Pakistan / Avaliação de agentes antropogênicos que agem na diversidade de aves aquáticas nas proximidades da Represa de Tarbela, rio Indus, Paquistão

Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.

Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.

Assessment of anthropogenic-causing-agents act on waterbirds-diversity in the vicinity of Tarbela Dam, Indus River, Pakistan

Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.

Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.

Seasonal Changes in Hematological Parameters in House Sparrows of Subtropical Pakistan.

House sparrow is a globally adaptive bird. The way this creature adapted to all areas of the world, having different selection pressures, is interesting to understand. The present study is focused on seasonal changes, having different selection pressures and how it is adapted to these changes and whether hematological flexibility plays a role in this success. House sparrow's adaptations in the same area, during different seasons, have been studied in a sub-tropical area, Potohar, Pakistan. We used hematological parameter analysis for this purpose. Blood samples were collected from Sparrows in winter, spring, and summer and analyzed for some hematological parameters. White blood cells (WBCs) were higher in spring and summer which may relate to mating promiscuity. Sparrows were more stressed in summer. The Red blood cells (RBCs) and hematocrit (Hct) were greater in summer. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is lower in summer. This may have an adaptation to cope with high stress in summer as small-size RBCs increase gaseous exchange. Platelets were not affected by season or gender. Mean corpuscular volume and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) are positively correlated with each other. Red blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb) and MCV were higher in males during the spring season perhaps as an adaptation to energetic activities during spring like mating calls and search for nesting sites. White blood cells remained the same in both genders in summer and winter, and effected in spring may be related to the mating system. Behavioral state is linked with physiological states that shows tradeoff and life history traits. This study is a small effort to know this incredible species. We can work further in different parts of the world to explore different aspects of it.

El gorrión común es un ave que se adapta globalmente. La forma en que esta criatura se adaptó a todas las áreas del mundo, teniendo diferentes presiones de selección, es interesante de entender. El presente estudio se centra en los cambios estacionales, teniendo diferentes presiones de selección y cómo se adapta a estos cambios y si la flexibilidad hematológica juega un papel en este éxito. Las adaptaciones de House Sparrow en la misma área, durante diferentes estaciones, se han estudiado en un área subtropical, Potohar, Pakistán. Utilizamos el análisis de parámetros hematológicos para este propósito. Se recogieron muestras de sangre de gorriones en invierno, primavera y verano y se analizaron algunos parámetros hematológicos. Los glóbulos blancos (WBC) fueron más altos en primavera y verano, lo que puede relacionarse con la promiscuidad de apareamiento. Los gorriones estaban más estresados ​​en verano. Los glóbulos rojos (GR) y el hematocrito (Het) fueron mayores en verano. El volumen corpuscular medio (MCV) es menor en verano. Esto puede tener una adaptación para hacer frente al alto estrés en verano, ya que los glóbulos rojos de pequeño tamaño aumentan el intercambio gaseoso. Las plaquetas no se vieron afectadas por la estación o el género. El MCV y la hemoglobina corpuscular media (MCH) se correlacionan positivamente entre sí. Los glóbulos rojos, la hemoglobina (Hb) y el MCV fueron más altos en los machos durante la temporada de primavera, tal vez como una adaptación a las actividades energéticas durante la primavera, como llamadas de apareamiento y búsqueda de sitios de anidación. Los glóbulos blancos se mantuvieron iguales en ambos sexos en verano e invierno, y los efectuados en primavera pueden estar relacionados con el sistema de apareamiento. El estado de comportamiento está relacionado con estados fisiológicos que muestran rasgos de compensación y de historia de vida. Este estudio es un pequeño esfuerzo por conocer esta increíble especie. Podemos trabajar más en diferentes partes del mundo para explorar diferentes aspectos del mismo.

Le Moineau domestique est un oiseau qui s"adapte à l"échelle mondiale. La façon dont cette créature s"est adaptée à toutes les régions du monde, ayant des pressions de sélection différentes, est intéressante à comprendre. La présente étude se concentre sur les changements saisonniers, ayant différentes pressions de sélection et comment il est adapté à ces changements et si la flexibilité hématologique joue un rôle dans ce succès. Les adaptations du Moineau domestique dans la même zone, à différentes saisons, ont été étudiées dans une zone subtropicale, Potohar, Pakistan. Nous avons utilisé l"analyse des paramètres hématologiques à cette fin. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur des moineaux en hiver, au printemps et en été et analysés pour certains paramètres hématologiques. Les globules blancs (WBC) étaient plus élevés au printemps et en été, ce qui peut être lié à la promiscuité sexuelle. Les moineaux étaient plus stressés en été. Les globules rouges (GR) et l"hématocrite (Het) étaient plus élevés en été. Le volume corpusculaire moyen (MCV) est plus faible en été. Cela peut avoir une adaptation pour faire face à un stress élevé en été, car les globules rouges de petite taille augmentent les échanges gazeux. Les plaquettes n"étaient pas affectées par la saison ou le sexe. Le MCV et l"hémoglobine corpusculaire moyenne (MCH) sont positivement corrélés l"un à l"autre. Les globules rouges, l"hémoglobine (Hb) et le MCV étaient plus élevés chez les mâles au printemps, peut-être en raison d"une adaptation aux activités énergétiques au printemps comme les cris d"accouplement et la recherche de sites de nidification. Les globules blancs sont restés les mêmes chez les deux sexes en été et en hiver, et effectués au printemps peuvent être liés au système d"accouplement. L"état comportemental est lié aux états physiologiques qui montrent des traits de compromis et d'histoire de vie. Cette étude est un petit effort pour connaître cette espèce incroyable. Nous pouvons continuer à travailler dans différentes parties du monde pour en explorer différents aspects.

Assessment of anthropogenic-causing-agents act on waterbirds-diversity in the vicinity of Tarbela Dam, Indus River, Pakistan.

Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.